Tried searching with limited luck on a concrete answer.........
However, one can pass the ball backwards at speed, and relative to the ground, the ball will actually move forward.
Rule 1: read the question - emphasis on "relative to the ground"
Rule 2: read the law - emphasis on hands and arms
"The theory of relativity overturned the concept of motion from Newton's day, by positing that
all motion is relative.":
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module3_stationary.htm
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module3_weird_logic.htm#GRER
Particularly: "Einstein's principle of relativity is just a generalisation of that of Galileo and Newton"
"The part of relativistic mechanics which is related to accelerated motion,
is called 'General Theory of Relativity': http://www.citycollegiate.com/physicsXII_17e.htm
As for the game existing before publication of the theory, a minor point in the debate:
A) if the theory is right it has always been right - even if not articulated as a general theory;
B) the law may not have been written as it now is;
C) see quote immediately above - and B: if people had not accepted, albeit without labeling it, the fact of relativity the world could not have functioned as it did. For instance no one would have been game to pour a drink in the dining car of a train. Thus, lack of articulation of the theory does not negate an innate comprehension of the working of the world.
I agree the expression "frame of reference" is not in the law (it would be odd if it were). However, the law provides the frame of reference by which the concept of "forward" is to be assessed (just as the laws provide the frame of reference by which a kick off is to be judged legal or otherwise). That frame is the hands: the issue posed by the words of the law is: what was the motion of the ball relative to the hands at the time of release?
The question posed by ryphon used the ground as the frame of reference. Thus different frames of reference were involved: one (apparently) stationary and one moving.
Note: not a single personal remark!
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